SURGEON GENERALS WARNING Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Canc Essay Example For Students

Specialist GENERALS WARNING: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Canc Essay Specialist GENERALS WARNING: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy. Did you realize that the vast majority are at the danger of kicking the bucket from simply breathing the air around them? Consistently in any event ninety-five percent of American individuals experience the ill effects of (E.T.S.) Environmental Tobacco Smoke, or all the more regularly known as recycled smoke. For those that are inexperienced with what recycled smoke is let me disclose it to you. Recycled smoke is a blend of the smoke breathed out by smokers and the smoke that originates from the consuming parts of the bargains, and channels. This smoke contains around 4,000 substances in which around 50% of these poisonous substances can cause malignant growth and other substantial issues. Ecological Tobacco Smoke has been an issue for a long time, yet through serious research from numerous doctors, non-smokers are at last getting the regard they merit. Smokers presently need to smoke outside of open spots. While some non-smokers disregard the perils engaged with tobacco smoke others are battling to live one more day. Natural Tobacco Smoke is comprised of both a gas stage and a particulate stage. Together they incorporate in excess of 4,000 substances. Programmed tobacco-puffing machines have been designed to gather and to consider the smoke. As of late investigations have indicated us the most dangerous of these synthetic compounds. Tar is considered the deadliest of the considerable number of substances. Different synthetic compounds found in tobacco smoke that are unsafe to us are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carboxyhemoglobin, and nicotine (Mendelson and Mello 33-35). During the consuming procedure of tobacco the tip of the consuming cone (the focal point of the funnel, cigarette, as well as stogie) arrives at a temperature of about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit during a puff. This small impact heater brings about a smaller than usual concoction plant, which utilizes the several accessible materials to deliver some more. Truth be told, the absolute most significant piece of tobacco smoke (count ing tar and carbon monoxide) are absent in an unburned period of a tobacco item, yet rather are delivered when a puff is taken (Mendelson and Mello 37-38). Different examinations have indicated that indoor natural tobacco smoke changes the tobacco substance in the gas stage. As tobacco smoke is released into an indoor domain, weakened, re-circled inside and vented from the indoor condition, changes happen in the two its concoction cosmetics stages. Making the gas stage substance more unsafe than being in an open air condition (Ecobichon and Wu 3-4). Tobacco items produce two sorts of smoke, standard and sidestream. Standard smoke is the smoke that smokers breathe in into their lungs. Sidestream smoke is the smoke that is breathed out by the smoker. The normal smoker breathes in ten two-second puffs of standard smoke from the tobacco item they are smoking. As the cigarette, funnel, or stogie sits it discharges rushes of sidestream smoke into the air. As per a few researchers, sidestream smoke is significantly more hazardous than standard smoke. In an ongoing article created by the Iowa Medical Society it expresses that sidestream smoke contains multiple times the carbon monoxide, multiple times the tar and nicotine, and up to multiple times the quantity of cancer-causing agents found in standard smoke. An examination announced by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences affirms that recycled smoke contains up to multiple times more cancer-causing agents (Ling et al. 92). Cancer-causing agents are depicted in the We bsters word reference just like a substance that creates a dangerous tumor, or malignant growth in a living cell (Landoll et al. 71). In todays society individuals know that tobacco smoke is unfortunate, however most decide not to get worried about what this concoction does to their bodies. With the measure of smokers in todays society, Environmental Tobacco Smoke has weakened are air with a great many synthetic substances that makes extreme harm both our internal and outside body parts. Specialist Ameron of Atlanta Georgia works that six out of ten non-smokers will wind up with diminished lung working as well as upper or lower respiratory issues. As per Ameron, used smoke is significantly more hazardous than standard smoke. He likewise expresses that breathing tobacco smoke can exasperate the state of individuals with sensitivities or with lung, heart, or respiratory issues. Victims with constant bronchitis and emphysema, for example, are made incredibly awkward by extreme air contamination. However the degrees of carbon monoxide and different poisons in smoke-occupied rooms might be as high or higher than those t hat happen during air contamination crises (Berger 81-87). As indicated by a Health Advocate Magazine, inquire about from various doctors show that Environmental Tobacco Smoke can cause serious heart conditions, and arranged respiratory issues by being presented to the smoke for a while. Indeed, even alive and well individuals are influenced by recycled smoke. Their pulse, circulatory strain, and the degree of carbon monoxide in the blood increment when they take in air brimming with tobacco smoke. Likewise, significantly after nonsmokers leave a smoky room, it takes hours for the carbon monoxide to leave their bodies. In contrast to oxygen, which is taken in and afterward out again in minutes, carbon monoxide stays in the blood for extensive stretches of time (Smith 27-29). a diary on of mice and men EssayA as of late distributed investigation in the New England Journal of Medicine indicated diminished lung working in youngsters whose mother smoke cigarettes. There is likewise proof that once lung sickness starts in adolescence, it can proceed and even compound over a lifetime. Other Scientific revelations show that sixty-five percent of kids that live with guardians who smoke have constant learning handicaps, and unusual development designs. Scientists have perceived such issues as these to be a main source of misery among adolescents; prompting self destruction (Lebowitz 171-172). In this exploration I have talked about the make up of ecological tobacco Smoke and the harms it can cause to non-smoking grown-ups and kids. Obviously this lethal substance is unfortunate to our regular day to day existences. Recycled smoke is hurtful to our general public, and will keep on being except if we as individuals stand firm for our kids and ourselves. Try not to let this unsafe material control your life. Maintain a strategic distance from a wide range of tobacco smoke to guarantee a sound life for you and your families. This is one significant advance in making our reality a more advantageous spot to live. BibliographyWorks CitedBender, David et. al. Smoking: Current Controversies. Drinking spree David. San Diego California. September 23, 1995. 362.29. Berger, Gilda. Smoking Not Allowed: The Debate. Business Week. Office Smokers Feel the Heat, November 29, 1982. Every day News. Smoking Bill Clouds the Issue, March 26, 1986. Diary of the American Medical Association. Nonsmokers Rights, May 19, 1978. Diary of the Israel Medical Association. Detached Smoking, April 1, 1981. 362.29. Cain, W. et. al. Natural Tobacco Smoke: Sensory Reactions of Occupants. Air Environment. Massachusetts. July 03,. 1988. 347.35. Ecobichon, Donald and Wu, Joseph. Natural Tobacco Smoke: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University 1989. McGill University: Montreal, Canada. November 3 and 4 1989. 616.86. Seared, Peter and Oxorn, Harry. Smoking For Two: Cigarettes and Pregnancy. The Free Press. A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York, New York. Collier Macmillan Publishers. Canada. April 05, 1980. 618.32Hammond, s. et al. Assortment and Analysis of Nicotine as a Marker for Environmental Tobacco Smoke. New York, New York. October 15, 1992. 457.46. Landoll, Inc et. Al. Websters Dictionary: New Revised and Expanded Edition. Landoll Inc. Ashland, Ohio. 1993. 71. Lebowitz, M.D., and Holberg C.H. Impacts of parental smoking and other hazard factors on the advancement of pneumonic capacity in kids and youths. Am. J. Epidemiol. Massachusetts/Toronto. February 24, 1988. 982.47Mendelson, Jack and Mello, Nancy. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs: Nicotine an Old-Fashioned Addiction. Chelsea House Publishers. New York, New York. 1985. 613.85. Sullum, Jacob. To Your Benefit: The Anti-Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health. The free press: New York, New York. April 12, 1998. 363.4.

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets

Clinical Effect of LANAP in Treatment of Periodontal Pockets Point: The point of the current investigation is to assess the clinical impacts of LANAP as an adjunctive to non-careful periodontal treatment in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Materials and techniques: An aggregate of 38 patients (22 guys, 16 females; mean age 36â ±10.1 years) determined to have summed up constant periodontitis were remembered for this randomized, single â€blind clinical investigation. All the locales were separated into 2 gatherings: test gathering (n = 469), treated with laser alongside SRP and control gathering (n=481), treated with SRP alone. Information gathered at standard and following a month and a half and 24 weeks included sulcus draining list (SBI), plaque list (PI), examining profundity (PD) and clinical connection level (CAL). Changes in PD and CAL were broke down independently for moderate (4-6mm) and profound (≠¥7 mm) pockets. Results: The outcomes acquired in both the gatherings indicated that API and BOP following a month and a half and 24 weeks was better than the gauge (Pã‹â€š0.0001). At 24 weeks pot-operatively, a critical (Pã‹â€š0.0001) improvement was found in moderate and profound PD and CAL in both the gatherings. In the middle of the gatherings, following 24 weeks, test bunch demonstrated critical increase in CAL in moderate pockets (Pã‹â€š0.0001) and diminished PD in profound periodontal pockets. (Pã‹â€š0.0017) End: The current examination demonstrates that, LANAP utilizing Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) with SRP as a successful non careful periodontal treatment in the treatment of moderate periodontal pockets. Watchwords: incessant periodontitis, clinical connection level, Lasers, non-careful periodontal treatment, pocket profundity. Presentation The essential objective of periodontal treatment is to control periodontal disease by the expulsion of supragingival and subgingival biofilms and smear layer, which contains microbes, bacterial endotoxins and sullied root cementum.1-2 Removal of these pathologic substances guarantees biologic similarity between the sick periodontal radicular surface and new connective tissue connection (CTA).3 Customary methodologies like non †careful and careful periodontal strategies utilizing both hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers have been done for quite a long while with incredible achievement. Laser treatment has been proposed as another option or adjunctive treatment to ordinary periodontal therapy.4 Maiman in 1960 built up the principal laser model and later by Goldman et al (1964), Stern RH and Sognnaes RF ( 1972) revealed the impact of laser on dental tissue and on finish and dentin.5 Myers and Myers (1989) recommended that the Nd:YAG laser could be utilized for oral delicate tissue medical procedure. Different sorts of LASERS like CO2, diode lasers (gallium-aluminum-arsenide and indium-gallium-arsenide), neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and erbium: Yttrium †aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) with shifting frequencies (635 to10,600 nm) have various degrees of tissue entrance contingent upon reflection, dissipate, and absorption.6 Low level laser treatment (LLLT) utilizing diode laser can encourage collagen blend, angiogenesis, and development factor discharge, which in the long run quicken wound healing.7 Laser-helped new connection methodology (LANAP) was presented by Dr. Robert H. Gregg and Delwin McCarthy in 1989. Beginning reports propose that LANAP is related with cementum intervened new connective tissue connection (CTA) and clear periodontal recovery of sick root surfaces in humans.8 When laser illumination is conveyed mindfully, the regenerative capability of laser is high, and, without a doubt, new fibroblastic movement in the connective tissue advances new connective tissue attachment.9 The signs for LANAP are equivalent to for standard periodontal treatment that incorporates periodontal pocket profundity (PD) ≠¥ 4mm, radiographic proof of bone misfortune, and positive research facility test for nearness of putative periodontal pathogens. The consequences of late research propose that a Free-Running, Pulsed Nd:YAG laser (PerioLase ® MVP-7 laser, Millennium Dental Technologies) gives a feasible option in contrast to conventional periodontal medical procedure. Appropriately applied PerioLase MVP-7 laser has been appeared to deliver less dying, growing, distress and periodontal regeneration.10 The utilization of lasers in periodontics is quickly expanding. Notwithstanding gigantic clinical research and a plenty of logical writing, debate exists to date among clinicians with respect to the utilization of lasers in the treatment of periodontal sickness. There is restricted proof on the clinical adequacy of LANAP over customary careful or non careful periodontal and periimplant treatments. Subsequently, the point of the current examination is to assess the clinical impacts of LANAP treatment utilizing 1064-nm of Nd: YAG laser with SRP versus the impact of SRP alone in the treatment of moderate to profound periodontal pockets. Material and techniques: An aggregate of 38 patients (22 male and 16 females) with mean time of 36â ±10.1 and determined to have summed up ceaseless periodontitis taking care of the branch of periodontics, sibar establishment of dental sciences, Guntur, India, were remembered for the examination. A randomized split mouth technique was completed in all the patients with two quadrants as test gathering (TG) treated with LANAP alongside SRP and other two quadrants as control gathering (CG) treated with SRP alone. Teeth with PD and CAL ≠¥4mm on at any rate one from the six surfaces were incorporated into the investigation. Patients were chosen by the accompanying incorporation models; History of no periodontal treatment in the last 12months, no utilization of anti-infection agents inside the past a half year, no fundamental ailment that impact the periodontal treatment, no smoking or liquor and no pregnancy and lactation. Rejection standards are teeth with grade III portability (11) and patients utilizing removable or fixed fractional false teeth. The examination convention has been endorsed by institutional moral council and educated composed assent from all the enlisted subjects was taken before beginning of the investigation. Prior to the beginning of the treatment, the information of all enlisted patients including periodontal parameters like plaque file (PI),(12) seeping on testing, (BOP) (13) pocket profundity (PD) and clinical connection level (CAL) were recorded at pattern, a month and a half and 24 weeks post-operatively. Full mouth CAL and PD was estimated at all the six surfaces of every tooth utilizing UNC-15 periodontal test. At every interim all the clinical parameters were recorded and kept up by single inspector (TP), who was uninformed of the investigation structure. All the patients got total supragingival scaling with a ultrasonic gadget in two arrangements at multi week interim by the inspector (TP). Oral cleanliness guidelines were given at each arrangement and followed by utilization of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as coordinated twice every day for about fourteen days. Patients were reviewed following three weeks and randomization was done utilizing slip technique with every quadrant is coded with a number, in this way bringing about two quadrants as test gathering and other two quadrants as control gathering. To beat the choice predisposition, randomization was performed by free teacher, who didn't take an interest in the examination. LANAP convention was tracked with SRP for the test quadrants, though SRP alone was accomplished for the staying two quadrants. Under neighborhood sedation, first utilization of laser is performed utilizing Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) at power setting of 3.0 watt, 150-us beat span, and 20Hz (14) into the gingival sulcus by putting the fiber optic conveyance framework (0.2-0.3mm) corresponding to the long hub of the tooth and moved along the side and apically 1 mm less to the clinical estimation esteem acquired for the pocket profundity. All the six surfaces of every tooth were treated with laser. The target of setting the laser into the sulcus is to evacuate the unhealthy epithelium towards the delicate tissue mass of the periodontal pocket and furthermore to make a trough with huge hemostasis. Full mouth SRP was performed for every patient in the two gatherings utilizing region explicit gracey curettes until the roots were smooth and no visual or material proof of analytics or modified cem entum. After intensive SRP, laser fiber-optic conveyance framework is gone through the pocket for the second time at power setting of 4.0 watts, 635-us beat term, and 20Hz to accomplish a steady fibrin clump and pocket seal.(14) The control teeth got the entirety of the previously mentioned treatment with the exception of the laser treatment and stitching was not done. Full mouth SRP in both the gatherings and laser application in TG was done by the single clinician (KK). All the patients were given post employable directions and medicine including 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash twice day by day with supragingival brushing for about fourteen days. Anti-infection agents (amoxicillin 500mg, at regular intervals) and analgesics (ibuprofen 400mg, at regular intervals) were prompted for 5 days. Patients were reviewed at 1week, multi week, and multi week for postoperative development, where the clinical estimations were recorded at about a month and a half and 24 weeks separately and oral c leanliness is strengthened in all the visits. All the subjects finished the investigation convention and were followed up to the finish of the examination. An aggregate of 481 locales in control gathering and 469 destinations in test bunch were analyzed. Factual investigation: Information was communicated as mean estimations of API, BOP, PD and CAL (4-6mm and >7mm) were assessed utilizing a product. Examinations were made inside the gathering and between the gatherings at about a month and a half and 24 weeks utilizing wilcoxon coordinated combined t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results None of the 38 patients partook in the preliminary had revealed torment or any distress. Mending following 24 weeks was palatable and uneventful as seen by the agent and detailed by the patients individually. In any case, six patients in test bunch contrasted with 4 patients in control bunch experienced dentinal excessive touchiness during initial a month post-operatively

8,726,400 SOS Got Solar

8,726,400 SOS Got Solar *written by Peter C20 and Ashisha P20 (members of MIT SEVT) as a part of the 8,726,400 Seconds of Summer guest post series* We did it! Over the past three weeks, the MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team competed at the 2018 American Solar Challenge (ASC). Our newest vehicle, Flux was tested, scrutinized, and pushed to its limits and after many stressful nights and over 1,700 miles on the Oregon trail, the finish line was crossed! Unbelievable Scenery at Scottsbluff, NE PC: Ashisha Persad On the afternoon of July 3rd, the team members frantically packed up every tool and potentially useful item we had in our shop at the Edgerton Center- no matter how heavy or dirty it seemed, and we began the long drive to Hastings, Nebraska, with Flux securely loaded into our trailer. Several gas station lunches and toll plazas later, we finally arrived at our destination, where we met more team members who flew in for the competition. After a few team discussions and a long night of last minute inspections of the car, we were ready to begin. The American Solar Challenge is a biennial solar car endurance Tour which takes teams across more than a thousand miles of open road. This event, however is preceded by a track-based qualifying event, the Formula Sun Grand Prix. The first segment of the competition Scrutineering portion of the Formula Sun Grand Prix (FSGP) began at the Hastings Motorsports Park on July 6th. During this section of the event, we had to demonstrate and explain how our designs for Flux complied with the regulations for the competition as well as pass dynamic tests such as hard brake tests, the slalom test and figure 8 tests. The event started out with a lot of confidence as we got Greens for most of the required sections, however, it quickly turned to panic. What started out as a small manufacturing problem in our composites cascaded into problem after problem with our mechanical system. After three long (and I mean sleep in shifts kind of long) days, we were able to confidently pass the tests with green s across the board and a much nicer car than the one we arrived with. There is no better way to learn engineering than a better engineer tearing your work apart! Special thank you to the system inspectors with ASC for teaching us not only good engineering practices, but some life lessons along the way. Nothing says Solar Car like the fire of deadlines. PC Ashisha Persad After the scrutineering portion of the event was completed, we moved on to the three day Track event, where we needed to complete either 96 laps in one day or 143 laps in two consecutive days to qualify for the American Solar challenge race. On Day 1, it took less than 20 laps for us to realize our first problem. After a spinout (everyone is okay dont worry) and a lot of tires consumed, we decided to stop for the day and problem solve. That was when we realized in all of our modifications, we introduced a bump steer of scary proportions. After many hours of brainstorming and some clever insight from one of the inspectors, we were ready for the track again the next morning! Where the previous tires lasted a whopping four miles, after our fixes, we never had to change tires again during the race (and proceeded to run them 1700+ miles during ASC). By Day 2 of FSGP, we had racked up enough laps to qualify for ASC and despite all the problems we encountered during scrutineering and FSGP, we placed 4th in the Single Occupant Vehicle Class! The moment we qualified for FSGP On July 13th, we finally had a rest day where we got to display our vehicle to the public and talk to other teams. We made good use of the day, doing some long overdue laundry and preparing for the race ahead. On July 14th, the race portion of the American Solar Challenge began, in Omaha, Nebraska. For the 9 day long tour, you can begin with a fully charged battery pack, but after that you are only allowed to charge the pack from the solar array. The race day begins with a two hour charging period in the morning from 7 am to 9 am, then you are allowed to drive until 6pm, followed by a charging period from 6 pm to 8pm and then the battery pack is impounded by the observer that travels with the team. The starting order of each team is determined by the total number of laps acquired during the FSGP track event, and all the teams who qualified for the race begin from the same location and are released one minute apart. Each team races in a configuration with a lead vehicle then the solar car, followed by a chase vehicle. The lead vehicle is usually in charge of navigation and calling any important features they see ahead, such as speed limit signs â€" though this is a race, we still have to comply with the traffic laws, while the chase vehicle is able to see the solar car and the members inside do strategy, calling target speeds. At all times all three vehicles are in radio contact and there is also a common ASC channel that other teams can use to contact each other, to be used if they need to coordinate when passing another team. During the event, there are either checkpoints or stage stops which are locations that the teams must get to by a certain time. However, other than that teams can choose to stop wherever they desire. As the competition began, we hoped that the stressful period was over and it would be smooth sailing, but while the car ran like a dream, the weather was far from ideal. The first few days of the race brought clouds, rain, and storms to the streets. After leaving Casper WY, we had to pull over to the side of the road and wait for the lightning of an oncoming storm to calm. Luckily we did so, for moments later, hail (in July!) began pelting the tarped car as we sheltered from the wind in the lead and chase vehicles. Fortunately, Flux survived the storm with minor scratches and the sun carried us through the second half of the race in full force.  Right before the hail struck All in all, the race was an incredible experience for everyone on the team and an inspiration for the future of MIT SEVT. We found ourselves faced with some of the most beautiful, and bizarre, scenery Mother Nature has to offer along the route and were honoured to be a part of such a wonderful race. We ended it all in Bend, Oregon, in 5th place and couldnt be more proud. At the finish line in Bend, Oregon Finally, we cannot express our gratitude to our generous sponsors and to everyone who made this happen. We are a small team of undergrads would never have reached this point without your help. Additionally, thank you to ASC volunteers and all of the teams who participated in the race. We learned more than we could have imagined and will never forget the support and encouragement you provided. Some of the team members at the finish line Post Tagged #8726400 Seconds of Summer #MITSEVT #SolarEnergy #TeamWorkMakesTheDreamWork

Political Orientations and Its Impact on industrial relations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1877 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The following content will evaluate how and to what extent workplace representatives in the current era are important in trade unions. Trade unions are organisations that represent people at work and are principally concerned with protecting its members in the employment relationship. (Salamon. 1987. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Political Orientations and Its Impact on industrial relations" essay for you Create order 81). A trade union consists of a group of workers who come together to organise and represent their interests in order to be more conversant and powerful when it comes down to cooperating with their employers. The trade unions or labour unions originated when groups of workers came together to form an organisation that works towards their well being (Edwards, March, 2003). The significance of the trade unions lie in the fact that they can negotiate wages, rules of hiring, recruitment and firing, working conditions, workplace security and safety policies, employee benefits, compliant processes, promotion policies, retirement benefits, etc. with the employers and the government on behalf of their members (Dine, 2007). The trade unions gain their strength due to the numbers of members who join them. Thus, providing the unions with the power to sometimes dictate terms to employers, governments and other parties and may influence the political, economic and social climate within a coun try (Dine, 2007). The unions also by virtue of their positions exercise power and influence on their members as well as non-members (Edwards, March, 2003). The essay will look at Trade Unions in UK and USA: Political Orientations and Its Impact on the Industrial Relations aims to compare and contrast the political orientation of trade unions of the United kingdom and the United States of America and evaluate their differential impact on the industrial relations systems in both the countries. In an attempt to achieve this aim, this essay looked at the trade unions in the UK and the Labour Unions in the USA and made a comparative analysis of the differences and similarities between the two with regard to their political orientations. And, tried to analyze how these similarities and differences in their political orientations impacted the systems of industrial relations that existed in both the countries. The essay thus aimed at providing explanatory insights into understanding the rel ations that existed between the political orientations of trade / labour unions and the industrial relations systems of a country. The trade unions originated in Europe and spread across of different countries around the world during the industrial revolution (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). The trade unions in the United Kingdom were established as early as 1867 and aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of members of the working class (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). It soon turned into a movement that resulted in the formation of the present day Labour Party in the UK (McIlroy, Fishman and Campbell, April, 2008). With changing times and governments in the country, trade unions saw an upheaval in their power orientation, membership trends and structure (Josselin, January, 2001). What began as a movement by the blue collared industrial workers, are now being supported and participated in by white collared shop workers and office workers in the UK (Poole, 2003). Some of the main trade unions in the UK include the National Union of Mineworkers, the National Union of Agricultural Workers, the Association of Cotton Spinners, the Operative Society of Bricklayers, the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, the National Union of Gasworkers General Labourers, the National Union of Railwaymen and the Transport and General Workers Union, etc (Ebbinghaus and Visser, 2000). These unions are members of larger bodies known as the Trades Union Congress (TUC), the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) and the Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) (Reid, April, 2005). In the USA, the trade unions are known as the labour unions. These are similar to trade unions in the UK, however comparatively smaller in size of memberships. The Labour Unions in the United States exert its power or influence through its allegiance within the Democratic Party and other like minded organisations (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). The members belonging to the labour unions include public sector employees such as law-enforcements officers, educators, etc (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). These unions similar to the unions of the UK aim at improving the working conditions of their members along with negotiations for better wages, working conditions benefits, post retirement benefits, security and safety of workers, etc. Some of the examples of labour union organisations in the USA include the American Federation of Labor, the Workingmans Party, the Industrial Workers of the World, the Knights of Labor, the United Mine Workers, the Congress for Industrial Organisations, etc ((Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). These unions fall under the umbrella of two major labour unions namely: the Change to Win Federation (CtW Federation) and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organisations (AFL-CIO) (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1994). The aims or goals of the trade / labour unions in both the counties and in other parts of the world remain similar and ye t there are differences in the way these unions / organisations are organised, structured, functioned and negotiated their power of influence. Black had suggested that trade unions, however big or small, have the ability to change the politico-socio-economic environment of a country and this is the reason for their power (Black, July, 2005). With the advent of media and worldwide communication systems, these unions are gaining further strength and the ability to influence governments, private business enterprises and the masses (Yates, May, 2009). Hence it is interesting to understand how these organisations exert or apply its power if at all on the political climate of a country and influence the systems of industrial relations. Comparison of Political Orientations of the Trade / Labour Unions The trade unions in the UK and the Labour Unions of the USA share similarities and dissimilarities that impact their political orientations. In the UK, the trade unions find expression in the countrys politics through the Labour Party (Hyman, 2001). In the USA, on the other hand, the labour unions express themselves through the Democratic Party (Hyman, 2001). Weiss had suggested that the governments in countries are generally influenced and limited by the political, economic and welfare organisations with the countries (Weiss, 2004). Trade / labour unions are among the bodies that have the capability to influence the way a government makes policies on different subjects especially those which have the ability to directly or indirectly affect the workers of the country (Weiss, 2004). The free economy of the USA makes it difficult for the policy makers of the country to balance between the demands of the labour unions and those of the corporate enterprises (Frege and Kelly, Novemb er, 2004). In the light of the recent economic recession that hit the country in 2008, the political circles found it difficult to find a mid way between governmental regulations on worker benefits and corporate losses to meet those regulations. In the UK however, trade unions have had a significant influence on the way the economic and social development policies were laid out by the government (Clark, April, 2009). It is only in recent years, when the UK government has started to open up its economy to make it more liberal, have the political orientations of the trade unions lost their strong hold (Armingeon, March, 2006). It is interesting to understand here is that the Labour Party, which has strong ties with the trade unions, is the ruling party in the UK. The social orientation of the trade unions in the UK has resulted in the centre-left orientation of the present ruling party in the country. In the USA on the other hand, the Democratic Party, the ruling party adopts a libera l approach. It however is similarly oriented (centre-left) as the Labour Party of the UK. The question that can be asked at this point is whether the orientations of the ruling parties in the two countries can be attributed to the political orientations of the trade / labour unions in both the countries. With changing times, the memberships of the trade / labour unions have taken a hit (Croucher and Cotton, January, 2009). This has not only impacted their ability to influence but also their own organisational strength (Kubicek, 2004). Both the countries, UK and USA, have liberal economies, making it difficult for the unions in the present day context to completely influence the rules, policies and strategies that govern the markets and consequently the political scenario (Jose, 2002). Thus it can be stated that the political orientations of the trade / labour unions in the two countries have definite influence over the way in which the rules and policies are made by the governments in the two countries and that these impact the industrial relations systems. Impact on the Industrial Relations Systems The strength of the labour / trade unions lay in their ability to negotiate better working terms with the employers and get the governments in different countries to form labour laws that were labour oriented (Kelly and Willman, 2004). In the face of the changing times and the post communist era, the role of the labour / trade unions has started to dwindle (Clark, Delaney and Frost, March, 2003; Wahl, 2004). The question that remains is whether the labour / trade unions and their political orientations still have the ability to impact and influence the industrial relations systems in different countries. In UK, over the recent years, there have been fall in the membership of the trade unions (Crowley and Ost, 2001). One of the most commonly cited reason for this is the inability of these unions to use their political orientations and negotiating powers to benefit the workers (Frege and Kelly, 2003). Similar issues have been identified in the US as well. Studies have shown that t he trade / labour unions are not being able to offer the collective bargaining coverage to all jobs in a country (Kubicek, 2004). This is not only reducing the faith that workers had on the labour / trade unions but also the influence that these unions had on the systems of industrial relations. There have been different causes cited for the diminishing influence and impact of the labour / trade unions in the UK and the USA. Kubicek had found that the labour / trade unions were lacking in a definite labour agenda and resources (Kubicek, 2004). Crowley and Ost had suggested that the trade / labour unions are now merely regarded as the reflection of the former socialist endeavours and thought to no longer function as agents of the worker welfare (Crolwey and Ost, 2001). However, there have been instances where the political orientations of the unions have helped in preventing the government in turning completely capitalistic in its approach in the present day (The Trade Union Movement , New Labour, and Working-Class Politics. Workers Liberty). The economy of the UK and the changing economy of the USA (post the economic debacle) are changing the way the labour / trade unions and their political orientations are impacting the industrial relations systems in both the countries. Thus in conclusion, it can be said that the uncertainties created by the economic conditions in the USA and the UK are impacting the political systems and thereby changing the influence of trade / labour unions and their political orientations. These changes and impacts are being felt in the formal organisational conditions as well as the power of the employers, collective bargaining and industrial relations systems. The final outcomes being exhibited are in the form of democracy and / or oligarchy through competition, opposition, internal bargaining and finally, decentralisation of the decision-making power.

Chemical Weapons - Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay

Chemical Weapons - Weapons of Mass Destruction Chemical weapons and their use is one of the most important issues facing the world today. Not only is the use of such weapons highly controversial, but also the very idea of such weapons of mass destruction being in the hands of dangerous leaders. Next to nuclear weapons they are the most feared, and the prospect of these weapons not only concerns people, but also frightens them. As a result of these fears, America has entered a new war that could bring devastating effects upon our world. It is a very sensitive topic among many countries, and is out of hand primarily because of the introduction of chemical weapons to the world in the First World War. Many people have the same feelings†¦show more content†¦One example is how they were used on our campus in 1999 and this year. These types of chemicals are not the problem though. Chemical weapons such as mustard gas, sarin, and anthrax are becoming increasingly feared. During the first major use of chemical weapons in World Wa r I, there was a death toll of 1.3 million. These deaths were caused single handedly by chemical weapons, and primarily by mustard gas. Tim Cook stated if the war had continued for yet another year it would have indeed been called the First Chemical War (A Short History of Chemical Weapons 21). Before such weapons, soldiers had a better chance of staying alive if they were skilled enough. Following the war, most countries decided that these types of weapons would only be used in special circumstances and not as a main stream military weapon. World War II was a prime example when hardly any chemical weapons were used at all. Although that was the case, both sides still had the ability to release very large amounts of many different chemical weapons. After World War II, the use of chemical weapons by our military was dropped. Most chemical weapons lead to tragedies, not only to humans but also the natural environment. Chemical weapons do not only affect human population but they also effect animals and plants. They can also lead to contamination of water and crops in and around the areas of their use. In some respects they are quite similar toShow MoreRelatedChemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the deadly properties of chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used in chemical warfare are considered to beâ€Å"weapons of mass destruction† or, WMDs, and are not considered to be conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants are an example.TheyRead MoreChemical and Biological Uses of Weapons of Mass Destructi on1977 Words   |  8 PagesChemical and Biological Uses of WMD The threat by terrorist groups in using Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) has increased significantly in the recent years. Preventing the creation and the utilization of these deadly weapons as well as their delivery systems and reducing those already in existence, has become of extreme importance to the government. Certain weapons of mass destruction, such as chemical and biological, are easier to acquire but much harder to detect. For that reason, they shouldRead MoreChemical Substances : Chemical Agent With Corrosive Properties And A Potential Weapon Of Mass Destruction1471 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction †¢ Chlorine is widely used industrial chemical agent with corrosive properties and a potential weapon of mass destruction. †¢ At standard temperature and pressure exists as Greenish-yellow color gas with suffocating pungent odor. Under high pressure or low temperature, it turns to clear, amber-colored liquid.1 †¢ Chlorine is heavier than air, and therefore it will remain near the ground in areas with little air movement.1 †¢ It is used in water treatment, household cleaning productsRead MoreChlorine : Chemical Agent With Corrosive Properties And A Potential Weapon Of Mass Destruction1495 Words   |  6 Pages †¢ Chlorine is widely used industrial chemical agent with corrosive properties and a potential weapon of mass destruction. †¢ At standard temperature and pressure exists as Greenish-yellow color irritant gas. Under high pressure or low temperature, it turns to clear, amber-colored liquid. †¢ Chlorine has a suffocating pungent odor.2 †¢ Chlorine is heavier than air, and therefore it will remain near the ground in areas with little air movement. 2 †¢ It is used in water treatment, household cleaningRead MoreIntroduction. In 1945, The United States Of America Utilized1655 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologies for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Since the bombing of Japan during World War I, the use of bombs as the main means of terrorism has been the corner-stone in anti-terrorism preparedness and response. However, the use of commercial jetliners in the September 11th attacks in the United States ushered in an era of counter-terrorism where conventional WMDs were not the only resources that could be utilized in an attack. The use of modern technology for weapons of mass destruction has promptedRead MoreThe Iraq War1926 Words   |  8 Pagesand justifications for its war on Iraq in 2003 and examine the evidences presented to support the given argument. Officially, the US brought forth the argument that war on Iraq in 2003 was a pre-emptive strike responding to the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the beli ef that the Iraqi government had ties to the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization which was responsible for the attack on the World Trade Centre in New York during the 11th of September in 2001. This argument carries significantRead MoreNuclear Weapons, Biological And Chemical And Biological Weapons1871 Words   |  8 Pages As many scholars have suggested, Libya’s renouncement of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons shows us a possible solution for the so-called rogue regimes including North Korea. North Korea presumably continues to possessing nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs and continues to develop its nuclear program to the extent that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) conducted its fifth nuclear test. Experts warn that DPRK can reach its capacity to complete its Inter-ContinentalRead MoreWhich Choice Will a Terrorist Make? Chemical or Biological Weapons1763 Words   |  7 PagesChemical or Biological Weapons? As the last great superpower, the United States has reason to fear escalating terroristic attacks. This is not to say that the rest of the world is not also at risk, it simply means that the United States of America is often demonized as an international bully and as such is the target of animosity from many cultures and terrorist cells, both organized and unorganized. September 11, 2001, made it abundantly clear that the weapons of choice are no longer conventionalRead MoreThe Weapons Of Mass Destruction1665 Words   |  7 PagesWeapons of Mass Destruction are a huge risk to the society due to the mass amount of lives that can be taken with the detonation or use of a weapon of mass destruction. In the past an estimated 4,186,000 - 4,385,000 people have died due to a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). If all the WMD’s as of now in the world were released A WMD is by definition of United States Law any destructive device†¦any weapon that is designed or intended to cau se death or serious bodily injury through the releaseRead MoreWeapons of Mass Destruction and Risk Galore1175 Words   |  5 PagesWeapons of mass destruction, as classified by the FBI, are any destructive devices, chemical or biological agents used with the intention of causing death or injury on a large scale. These weapons have been used in history, but most are banned to due to the extent of destruction caused. The atom bomb, probably the most well-known of these weapons were used sparingly but caused massive damage in the few areas affected. Chemical weapons, agents that can be traced in Syria today, have the potential

Self Exploration Free Essays

Many of us go through life skimming the surface of our identities. That is, we don’t truly dig deeply into our thoughts, feelings, desires and dreams. Part of the problem is that we’re always on the go. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Exploration or any similar topic only for you Order Now When to-do lists keep swelling, self-exploration takes a backseat. How can it not, when we barely find time for self-care? Specifically, self-exploration involves â€Å"taking a look at your own thoughts, feelings, behaviors and motivations and asking why. It’s looking for the roots of who we are — answers to all the questions we have about [ourselves],† according to Ryan Howes, Ph. D, psychologist, writer and professor in Pasadena, California. Having a deeper understanding of ourselves has many benefits. It â€Å"helps people understand and accept who they are and why they do what they do, which improves self-esteem, communication and relationships,† he said. ————————————————- Here, Howes discusses how he helps clients explore their own identities, the potential challenges that can hamper self-exploration and the strategies readers can try at home. The process of exploring yourself is a meticulous one and takes determination and focus to accomplish. It means becoming aware of what’s important to you and understanding yourself, i. e. your values, interests, aptitudes, abilities, strengths and weaknesses. It is also a way to gain knowledge of what is a good fit or match for your personality type. Before you can explore the world of work or a career, you must first understand yourself. Start by asking yourself questions: â€Å"What do I want to do? † â€Å" What are my goals, dreams and ambitions? † Self-exploration is looking inside yourself and concentrating and focusing on you, your needs, and your future†¦not mom’s, dad’s, or your friends. This is not to say that what others have to say isn’t important. On the contrary, hear them out, but ultimately this important decision is yours. After all, you know you better than anyone else, even mom. This process of self-exploration may seem a little lame, but this is the foundation that makes good decisions great! Knowing your strengths and weaknesses can make all the difference! If you take the time to know yourself, or at least evaluate yourself, you will have a truer sense of what’s good for you, or should I say, better for you. Many people never take into consideration whether the career/job they’ve chosen is something that they are going to enjoy doing, whether it’s going to meet their needs professionally and/or personally. Many are just glad to have a job that pays decent wages. Yes, finances are important, but ultimately it’s more important to be happy. If you are not satisfied in your job it will eventually affect your work, your level of commitment to the job, those you work for and even your personal life. If you enjoy what you are doing, believe in it and you know why you chose to do it, you will tend to be more committed to it, better at it, and you’ll work harder to do it well. This commitment, this strong work ethic is what aims us towards achieving greatness. If we are happy, we look towards the future with determination, ambition, and goals. If we are just getting by in our job, could care less about whether we get the job done or even whether we come to work at all, we tend to wallow in our misery. We do more looking back at what could have been or should have been, and can only see the future as more of the same dissatisfaction. Success requires taking an active role in the growth and development of our personal and professional life. One way to get started figuring out who you are and what you want in life is to begin by evaluating your academic exposure. Look at the courses you’ve taken: both the ones’ you liked and disliked. Of the classes you liked, what did you enjoy most about the subject? What made you dislike some of the courses? Why didn’t that class appeal to you? Does the class provide you with something that you can develop into a career? Next, consider what’s really important to you; things you value, interests you may have, skills and abilities you possess. Take some time and think about what you might need in order to be happy and ultimately successful in your job/career. For example, a few things to consider might be salary, geographic location, job autonomy, work hours, and professional growth opportunities, to name a few. Which ones of these, and/or others, are most significant; things that would make an obvious difference in whether we would enjoy our job/career? If you don’t take the time to consider who you are and what you want, you won’t know what you are looking for. You need to be aware that no job/career is going to be perfect and meet all of your expectations. But if you at least think about which things are more vital to your happiness and aim for those, you can come pretty close to what you want. Think about the skills and abilities you may have that you would like to utilize in your chosen profession (i. e. leadership, helping others, mathematical ability, creativity, communication, etc. Which careers give you more of an opportunity to express yourself and be yourself? Many people make the mistake of assuming that they can and will do just about anything for the right amount of money. Well let me assure you that this is only partially true. In the beginning, the money may seem like enough to sustain your job satisfaction and happiness, but soon everyone realizes that money alone is only a temporary fix. If you donâ₠¬â„¢t really like what you are doing, or like where you work, you won’t be happy and the money won’t ever be enough. Another way to assess your interests might be to consider careers that you may have already been exposed to through friends, family members or previous part-time and summer jobs, and even volunteer opportunities or internships. Talk to any persons you can find who may be doing something you think that you want to do, or have thought about doing. Really pick their brains about why they chose that profession, what do they like or dislike about their jobs, what’s a typical day like on the job for them? This is called informational interviewing. Also, draw from your own experiences about what it may be like to work full-time. What kind of supervisor would you prefer; do you prefer flexible or set work hours; do you like being in a leadership role, etc.? The best way to answer some of these questions is through an internship or co-op. If you have not considered an internship or co-op before, please do. Cooperative education and internships add meaning to the academic experience. Both offer the student the opportunity to gain practical experience. At the same time students can identify career interests and goals and relate them to academic endeavors. Most people believe that you don’t need to be concerned about figuring out who you are and what you want to do until you’re just about ready to graduate. Yes, this is one way to do it, but why wait until the last minute. You may realize that what you thought you wanted to do really doesn’t appeal to you at all. Self-exploration should be done early and often, as early as your junior year in high school, and at least once a year thereafter. The sooner you start to think about your future, the better prepared you’ll be for it. If you didn’t go this route, it’s still not too late to catch up. Find a career counselor on your campus and get started. There is often a certain amount of fear that goes along with making decisions about one’s future. D. J. Parson, an Appalachian State University sophomore, stated, â€Å"When I first arrived, I didn’t have any idea how to get started choosing a major, not to mention what I was going to do with that major when I finished school. After I met with a career counselor and discovered a few things about myself, for example, what motivates me, things started to click and I was able to move forward. D. J. is not alone in his dilemma. As a career counselor, I encounter numerous students who are confused about how to go about making effective career decisions. Many are paralyzed by the mere thought they have to make decisions themselves for the first time. Their parents or someone else has always performed this role and now it’s their turn. Students are generally all over the map when it comes to decision-making. Some students want to do it all, while others aren’t sure they want to do anything. They haven’t found their passion. I once had a student tell me, â€Å" If I can’t figure out exactly what to do, I’ll just stay in school longer; there is always graduate school. † One thing to realize is that figuring out who you are and what you want takes time and a lot of effort on your part. Through examining what you’ve enjoyed doing, what things come easily or naturally to you, what gives you motivation, what peaks your interests etc. , you will begin to put the puzzle pieces together. Bit by bit you will see a pattern developing. Next, realize that you can do just about anything you want and you can do more than one thing; you just can’t do it all at once. If you like lots of things and can’t seem to eliminate any of them, then your task is to select which thing you would like to do first and move on to the next at a later time until you have accomplished all that you want. The most important thing to remember is that nothing is 100 percent guaranteed. Life is about change and career planning and self-exploration are lifelong processes. You don’t just make a decision today and expect that you’ll be completely satisfied with that choice for the rest of your life. You will grow, experience things and meet different people. As society grows and technology develops, so will your interests change, grow and redevelop. Expect it; that’s life! However, this doesn’t mean that the choices you make today are worthless. They too will play an important role in your future. You will be able to draw on these experiences to help you assess yourself later when you want to consider new options, goals, and dreams. Sometimes, the task of putting all the pieces together can be a bit overwhelming and you may need to seek assistance from more experienced and knowledgeable resources. Three sources I recommend are your career counselor, your academic advisor and the Internet. Your career counselor is the most experienced of the three sources. A career counselor will be able to offer you not only his/her expertise through one-on-one counseling and advising, but also many more tools to uncover your true self. Counselors can provide career-specific library resources such as books and videos about certain college majors, careers within those majors, and companies that seek to hire graduates of those majors. In addition, career counselors provide career interest testing such as the Strong Interest Inventory, the Campbell Interest and Skills Survey, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, the Self Directed Search, and the Kuder Occupational Orientation. There are also computerized career guidance programs such as SIGIPLUS, DISCOVER, and Career Key. All of these indicators help gauge your personality and interests, and compare them with others who are already in the field. A career counselor will then sit down with you and interpret the test results. Looking at the similarities of interests in different fields and types of careers, your career counselor will be able to show you many different options beyond the obvious ones you may have never considered, or even thought existed. Your academic advisor is another important source to consult about college majors and courses, as well as jobs related to the field. An academic advisor can help guide you through your four years of undergraduate study and help you stay focused on the courses needed to fulfill the requirements of your selected major. Lastly, another wonderful resource is the Internet. It can be a bit overwhelming with the amount of information readily available at your fingertips. You can query an occupation on the Internet and end up with hundreds of pages of information to help you better understand that occupation and many others. You can research job openings, internships, co-ops, and even scholarships, grants and loans for college financial assistance, etc. Here are some helpful tips to remember: * Remember to begin your exploration by taking a good look at you. Accept the challenge to understand yourself and to like who you’ve become, or the person you aspire to be. * ————————————————- Ask yourself questions and take the time to find the real answers. Self discovery was a process I thought I had already been through. But when faced with the question, â€Å"Who am I? † it proved to be a lot harder to put into words than one would think. I believe that I have a good sense of who I am, but translating it into words was a struggle for me. I consider myself to be a very concrete thinker. So, the translation of who I am into words tended to come out as cold and rigid. Words like brash, concrete, smart, and loyal seemed like a big â€Å"thud† on paper. At first I thought, am I really that boring and cold? Which then brings to question, is this really who I am? The following is my best attempt to put myself into words. I’m going to attempt to lighten up those rigid words I came up with to describe me and try to explain why I chose these words. Hopefully these explanations will bring life to them. The first word is brash and is defined as â€Å"offensively bold. †    You can either like me or not. I am strong-willed individual who does not take disrespect from anyone. I can defend myself in most situations. I can most often times convince others that I am right. I know how to think critically and make sound decisions when others fail to. I believe the second and third words go together in explanation for me. The second word is concrete and when used as an adjective, is defined as, â€Å"capable of being perceived by the senses; not abstract or imaginary.    The third word is smart and, also, when used as an adjective, is defined as, â€Å"characterized by quickness and ease in learning. †    I have the ability to sort through the â€Å"fluff† and get to the facts so I can make a good decision or form a strong opinion. I can make others question their own opinions or beliefs by flooding them with facts and evidence. In this way I am very persuasive a nd convincing. The final word is loyal. It is used to describe people of â€Å"unwavering in devotion to friend or vow or cause. † When it comes to those I love, I†¦ How to cite Self Exploration, Papers

Undoubtedly, The Thought Of Living In, Or Forming A Utopian Society Ha

Undoubtedly, the thought of living in, or forming a utopian society has flashed through every person's mind, a few people have even tried to make this ideal dream society a reality. Unfortunately, within the pursuit of these societies the leaders become corrupt and begin to become paranoid with the fear of rebellion. Hundreds were murdered under the reigns of Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin in what they considered measures to maintain peace and stability, one must also consider the hardships that the citizens were forced to endure while living under these oppressive governments. This dream of forming and maintaining a utopian society was immortalized in two novels dealing with the same basic ideas, 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. Both of these novels deal with the lives of main characters who inadvertently become subversives in a totalitarian government, however these two books greatly differ with the manner in which the government controls the population and the strictness of the measures taken to maintain these stability. This essay with compare or contrast the message and tone of each novel as well as whether the utopia is a positive or negative one. In 1984, George Orwell explores the many facets of a negative utopia. Orwell seems to focus on the measures that the government takes to maintain a public of plebeians who have no personality or identity and believe that they not unique individuals, but instead are part of a greater senseless mob of people who constantly work for a hostile and oppressive government which is involved in incessant wars. These people are taught to love, and then learn fear, their government while believing all of the propaganda that is constantly instilled into their minds as they willing follow their government without contest for the duration of their meaningless lives. The government controls all forms of the media (thus denying the people the basic right of free speech) and use it to personify the government (known as "big brother") and make it seem omnipotent, or all knowing and always correct. Forecasts are changed from one week to the next always proving the government was correct. As was mention ed before, many of the rights that present day Americans take for granted, such as freedom of speech and the inalienable rights of individuals are withheld from the common citizen, the proles. George Orwell obviously meant to portray a negative utopia in the novel 1984. Although the novel Brave New World is comparable to 1984 as both are views of a totalitarian government which attempts to provide its citizens with a utopian society, the differ drastically as Brave New World could be perceived as a positive utopia (in contrast to negative one in 1984). Although there are many drawbacks of this future society such as its lack of individuality and loving relationships, which include not only the love expressed within the confines of a family but also the loved shared between partners in a married couple. Humans were treated as laboratory experiments, created using the Bokanovsky process...embryos are like photograph film, they can only stand red light. On the other hand, though, the citizens had a much greater deal of freedom than what is allowed to those living in the 1984- society. The society is maintained not by force, but through a much simpler and more ingenious solution, the caste system. Every member of the caste system is truly happy with the ir lives; from the lower three castes whose lives consist of meaningless jobs like elevator operators to assembly line workers to the intellectual alpha's who were the thinkers and consumers of the society. This is a much more peaceful way of maintaining the stability of the populace. Since every member of the society is truly content with their lives this is a positive utopia. Fear, paranoia, loneliness, sexual desire and other emotions experienced by Winston Smith, the main character in 1984, are conveyed from the author to the reader through the tone in which the novel is written. Winston Smith is constantly afraid of the government which controls every aspect of his life and is always paranoid that he might accidentally say something in his sleep (in which case he would be detected